It can happen at any point in their life...

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human digestive tract, the host ecosystem full of trillions of living bacteria, comes in three versions, in contrast, as blood, according to a new study. These so-called "enterotypes" are in populations worldwide and exist regardless of race, country of origin, diet, age and health, the author of the study report. These data are important for detection and prediction of risk of diseases ranging from intestinal cancers diabetes Crohn's disease, a painful inflammation of the intestine, they write They also show that some strains of bacteria -. different concentrations of all three intestinal type -. increase the likelihood of obesity, the discovery may help explain why some people struggle more than others to lose weight "is more effective bacteria extract energy from food, the more likely that a person has a high body mass index" or BMI, says co-author Professor Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich, National Agronomic French Research Institute. " Looking for genes mikrobioty tells us with much greater precision than looking at individual genes, if someone is obese or not, "he says. BMI measures the deviation from the optimal level of body fat. In a study published in may also help scientists to tailor the treatment of certain diseases of the intestinal profile of the patient. " three types of cancer to explain why the absorption of drugs and nutrients varies from person to person, "says Yerun RAPN, fellow VIB-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and co-author of the study. "This knowledge can be the basis for personalized medicine for the treatment and dose determined based on the ear," he says, that some bacteria 100000000000000 -. to 1000 different species - live in our intestines, where they play a crucial role in converting food into energy and protects us from pathogens. In exchange for our digestive tract provides these single-celled guests food and roof. This symbiosis is an important element for human health, but when disrupted can lead to violations of the consequences of poor digestion to death. " Some types of bacteria strattera 10mg can become too much, while others may disappear. It can occur at any time in life, "says Ehrlich. Scientists can now seek to develop procedures designed to promote "good" bacteria, or inhibit the growth of those who harm us, to restore balance. He said: "We can even imagine one day" change "microflora of a healthy person that a patient suffering from serious diseases," he says forests, tundra and tropical jungle

three types -. called bacteroids, Prevotella and ruminococcus - named for the bacteria that dominate in the intestine in each case "Ecosystems tend to evolve towards a stable equilibrium, with some species becoming dominant while others occupy niches .. "It also seems to relate to our intestines," says RAPN, comparing the human intestinal microflora in the forest, tundra and tropical jungle. It is still unclear whether the person can move from one group to another for life, say researchers. The study showed that vitamin production also varies sharply between three types of the intestine. People in group Bacteroides better able to generate vitamin C, B2 and B5, while under Prevotella showed higher levels of B1 and folic acid. Researchers caution that the results, while robust, were based on samples of several hundred people, and that further research to determine whether additional types of bacterial ecosystems in the gut. Tags:,,,

Toll-like receptors

Bacteria

large group of unicellular, prokaryotes, bacteria.

The bacteria are usually more

, micrometers in length and have a wide range of forms from areas

rods and spirals (,

). Bacteria are widely distributed in each habitat

on earth, growing in soil, acidic hot

sources, radioactive waste, water and deep in the

crust, as well as organic matter and

, living bodies of plants and animals. There

usually 40000000 bacterial cells in one gram of soil and

million bacterial cells in a milliliter

Freshwater, everyone has

about five nonillion (5 ‡ 10

) >> << bacteria on Earth, forming much of the biomass >> worlds. Figure 1 <<. Bacteria are in many cellular forms. Figure 2. Most bacteria have a diameter in the range of 1

ET (micrometer) to 5 them. Left to right:

spherical (cocci), bacteria, bacillary (bacilli)

bacteria spiral bacteria. Bacteria are vital nutrients

processing, many steps in nutrient cycles

depending on these organisms, such as

fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere and

decay. However, most bacteria do not

characterized, and only about half

types of bacteria have species that can be grown in the lab

. The study of bacteria

known as bacteriology, microbiology department. There are about ten times more >> << bacterial cells in the human flora

bacteria as human cells in the body >> <<, with lots of bacteria on the skin and how to >> << intestinal flora. The vast majority of bacteria in the body

disposed protective effect on the immune system, and

little helpful. Bacteria

be profiled in this section are those

pathogenic to humans, causing infections

(

). Figure 3. Areas of the body that are prone

different types of bacteria. Click to enlarge. Gram-negative bacteria have relatively

thin cell wall consisting of several layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by

second lipid membrane containing strattera 25mg lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins

(). These bacteria not

retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol

because of their lipopolysaccharides outer layer >>. In grams << test

contrasting color (usually safranina) is added after the crystal violet color

all gram-negative bacteria with

, red or pink. On the other hand,

positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye

when washing in bleaching solutions >> << because they have no external >> << membranes, but rather they have thickened

peptidoglycan layer. illustrates the difference

to antigens associated with two

different types of bacteria. Figure 4. The outer surface of Gram-negative bacteria: Note

LPS in the outer membrane. Figure 5. Antigens involved in

host response to bacteria: Gram-positive and

gram-negative bacteria. Click to enlarge. Pathogenic features

Gram-negative bacteria often associated with some components

Gram-negative cell wall,

including lipopolysaccharides (also known as

LPS or endotoxin) layer (

). People

LPS can induce both innate and adaptive immune

,

response characterized by cytokine production and immune system

activation. For example, LPS can cause a cascade

supplement, which is part of the innate immune response

and bind to Toll-like receptors

(TLR-4) on B-lymphocytes to cause

adaptive, humoral response without

T-helper cells, thus, LPS is known as

T-independent antigens. Inflammation is a common result >> << cytokine production, which can also produce

host toxicity. Protection against gram-negative bacterial

infection: antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes, such as

immunoglobulin M (IgM) are effective against bacterial

extracellular pathogens. Antibodies

can protect against gram-negative bacteria

accession to the surface and activation of complement. Activated complement cascade induces the formation

in the membrane attack complex (MAC), which produces holes or pores in >> << outer membrane. Antibodies attached to >> << bacteria can also join such as phagocytes >> << macrophages through Fc receptors of phagocytes

process called

- opsonizatsiyi (

). It promotes phagocytosis

and bacterial removal. In addition, amendments related

bacteria can attach to phagocytes via complement receptors

(CR), which promotes phagocytosis

(

). Figure 6. Examples of antibody-mediated mechanisms against gram-negative bacterial

infection. A. Cytoplasmic membrane

2. A thin layer of peptidoglycan

(which is much thinner than that of gram-positive bacteria

)

3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

(LPS consisting of lipid

main polysaccharides, as well as the antigen) outside the peptidoglycan layer

,

4. Porins exist in the external >> << membranes that act as pores for particular molecules

5. There is space between the

layers of peptidoglycan and secondary >> << cell membrane called Peryplazma

6. S-layer directly

attached to the outer membrane, not peptidoglycan

7. If present, flagella in

four supporting rings instead of two

8. No teyhoevye acid or acids lipoteyhoevaya

There are 9. Lipoproteins are added

on the polysaccharide backbone. 10. Most do not sporuliruyut

In general, cell wall

Gram-negative microorganisms are much more complex than

cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. From outside the membrane, it is

the following:

peptidoglycan layer two

nm in thickness, forming 5% of the cell wall

mass, often associated with outside

designing molecules lipoproteins

outer membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer, similar to >> << some respects to the membrane that

contains protein molecules and (on its inner aspect

) lipoproteins related

peptidoglycan. Other proteins form

transmembrane water-filled channels called

porynov by which hydrophilic antibiotics >> << are free to move. Complex polysaccharides

forming the outer surface of the major components >>. They differ << strains of bacteria and

main determinants of antigenicity. Complex polysaccharides >>

<< a source of endotoxin, which in vivo, trigger different

aspects of inflammatory response by activating complement

causing fever. Gram-negative bacillus E. coli E. coli E. coli Gram-negative cocci Neisseria g onorr hoeae.

,

If you are looking for many sites devoted...

Author, GP and family planning specialist

What is bacterial vaginosis? Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause

vaginal discharge. His name is a little explanation. The word

vaginosis is the American equivalent of what British doctors called, ie inflammation

vagina and bacterial caused. UK genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics treat about 98,000 new cases in 2009, some evidence about how often this happens. Many other cases are considered in other areas, such as surgery GP. In fact, BV is now seen more often in GUM clinics than

is. (76000 cases of thrush were seen in the past year).

Discharge BV is usually whitish or grayish or sometimes

yellowish, and usually have an unpleasant fishy smell. Unlike

discharges caused by thrush

or trichomonads, it is usually not associated with pain, discomfort or itching. What causes BV? Name the condition and misleading, because none

really knows the exact causes of BV. His thoughts associated with an imbalance in the content >> << bacteria in the vagina. You may be surprised to learn that bacteria in the vagina

. However, it is important to understand that vaginal cavity

not completely sterile place. A normal healthy vagina contains many harmless bacteria, especially >>

Lactobacillus genus. << This probably helps protect

woman from harmful germs. He thought that if other bacteria gets into the vagina and interfere with the normal balance, you will develop a vaginal discharge. In BV, bacteria called

anaerobes, including one named

Gardnerella, located in the vagina. Anaerobes are bacteria that can survive without oxygen, they produce a characteristic odor. In principle, this imbalance can occur for a variety of factors, such as

, : >> sex. << In practice, BV often appears immediately after sexual intercourse. But

sometimes it happens for no apparent reason. Is it sexual? If you are looking for many sites devoted to bacterial vaginosis,

you will find that some authorities confidently state that it is not. Others argue that it is, and some simply say that there is no evidence >> << that it is sexually transmitted. In other words, we still do not know, BV is a sexually transmitted

or not. However, it should be noted that it is rare in virgins

and that it often flares up after sex. Sometimes it happens after the start of new relationships. Can a disease transmitted to humans? Many doctors say no, but Theres like inflammation

tip of the penis (

), which seem

be associated with shoots found in BV, but its not often. What are the symptoms? The main symptom is gray, white or yellowish, not annoying

category above, accompanied by a repulsive odor. Who is at risk? All women at some risk, but especially those who are sexually active. As diagnosed bacterial vaginosis? Condition diagnosis, despite the appearance of the discharge and the three tests below. Check pH (alkalinity) of the vagina. This is slightly acid, when a woman is in good health, but also in BV pH

more than 5, in other words, the more alkaline than normal. Potassium hydroxide test: if a small amount by 10 percent

solution of potassium hydroxide is added such as discharge, is

characteristic odor. This is called a breath test. It is becoming less

widely used, because potassium hydroxide is a caustic liquid, so

potentially harmful. Considering the discharge under a microscope, unusual cells called cells

key is usually seen if BV is present. They went with >> << top layer of the walls of the vagina. They wonder, rough appearance on

microscopic study, due to the fact that microbes cling

them. In practice, BV, is only likely to accurately diagnose in urogenital

Medicine (GUM) clinic, and sometimes a gynecologist, because

unlikely to doctors or family planning clinics have technical means to do

diagnosis. However, if a woman has a constant discharge, as we have described, and if he does not respond to anti-thrush medication or conventional antibiotics, and if no other causes for the symptom is (eg forgotten tampon), it is reasonable to say that it probably have BV. How to treat BV? Standard treatment is antibacterial drug metronidazole. It can be orally in pill form (

) or used as a gel (). Metronidazole is effective against anaerobic bacteria in the vagina and elsewhere (eg, mouth), and is probably why it works in BV. You should not drink alcohol, taking metronidazole. If metronidazole is not working, or discharge keeps coming back

, GUM clinics tend to give another course of anti-anaerobic antibiotics such as clindamycin

, which is inserted into the vagina using the applicator. It is not usual for partner treatment, but recurrent cases

BV, it may be worth considering. What can you do to prevent BV? Since the exact cause of BV is not known, it >> << difficult to provide accurate advice on how to prevent it. However, doctors

in the field of sexual strattera without prescritpion health, often find these tips on hygiene. DONT shower. This habit is common in the U.S. and certain other countries >> << are generally regarded by British doctors, the responsibility to initiate >> << bacteriological balance of the vagina. Avoid belts. Some experts say they may transmit germs

from the anus to the vagina, and thus cause vaginosis. If seizures occur after sexual intercourse, try to stop sex

a while. If the council can not follow, it may be worth a try

effect of making love with the female condom or Femidom. It all >> << line the inside of the vagina during sex. Bacterial vaginosis has become very common nowadays. If you

is not annoying, unpleasant smell, gray, whitish or yellowish discharge

This may be due as BV. Your best move is to go to a local hospital GUM for quick

, accurate diagnosis and recommendations. .